Glossary of terms
Glossary of ATM/ATC terms
Click on a letter below:
A
ABTA - Association of British Travel Agents.
ACL - Airport Co-ordination Limited: allocates slots at major UK airports (see
Airport Co-ordinator)
AEA - Association of European Airlines: a trade association of the international
airlines of western Europe.
Aeronautical authority: a body responsible for drafting and implementing an
Air Services Agreement (ASA) and Memorandum of Understanding (MOU); in the
UK this is the Secretary of State for Transport for all issues except tariffs
for which the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is the aeronautical authority.
Agreed Record: the same as an Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).
AIP - Aeronautical Information Publication: a publication issued by, or with
the authority of, a state and containing information of a lasting character
essential to air navigation.
Air Service: "Air service" means any scheduled air service performed by aircraft
for the public transport of passengers, mail or cargo. Definition from
Article 96 of the Chicago Convention.
Airport Co-ordinator: an independent body responsible for slot allocation at
co-ordinated airports.
Airway: a control area in the form of a corridor, normally 10 nautical miles
wide, delineated by navigation aids (eg beacons).
AIS - Aeronautical Information Service: run by NATS; issues Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM) to airlines on security, safety and navigational matters.
ANO - The Air Navigation Order 2000 (S.I. 2000, No. 1562): secondary legislation
covering the legal requirements under which UK-registered aircraft/airlines
operate; providing that operating permits should be required for foreign airlines
operating commercial services (scheduled and charter) to the UK and setting
out the grounds on which permits may be refused and the penalties for infringements
of the ANO. The Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) Order 2001- the
ANOTO - covers the Overseas Territories.
ANS CR - Air Navigation Services of the Czech Republic
AOC - Air Operator's Certificate: the AOC is the key link to safety oversight. It
attests to an airline's competence as to safe operation and it determines who
is responsible for an airline's safety oversight. In the UK that is the
Safety Regulation Group of the CAA. An AOC is one of the criteria required
in order for the CAA to grant an operating licence. Known as an Air Carrier
Certificate in the US.
ATRAK-BYPASS/PC- ATC Radar byspass and planning control system
ATRAK-IMS - ATC Information Mangement System
ASA - Air Services Agreement: a treaty containing bilaterally-agreed legal
framework upon which scheduled air services may operate.
ASK - available seat kilometres: the number of seats available for sale multiplied
by the distance they flew.
ATC - Air Traffic Control.
ATCA - Air Traffic Control Association
ATOL - Air Travel Organisers Licence: granted by the , these licences are
a legal requirement for tour operators which sell most types of air travel/holiday
packages in the UK. The procedure involved in obtaining such a licence,
which is mandatory for UK tour organisers, involves financial screening by
the CAA so that money can be provided to bring passengers home from abroad
and to refund those who have paid in advance in circumstances where, for example,
airlines cease operations through bankruptcy.
ATS - Air Traffic Services: air traffic control facilities.
AUC - Air Transport Users Committee: a non-statutory body appointed and financed
by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to represent the users of air transport. Responds
to complaints from passengers about poor quality flights and advises on possible
legal redress.
B
BARUK - Board of Airline Representatives in the UK: the body representing foreign
airlines operating to the UK. There are equivalent bodies in other countries
on which the UK airlines are represented.
Bermuda 1: original UK/US air services agreement signed in 1945; the original "liberal" non-restrictive
type of Air Services Agreement (ASA).
Bermuda 2: UK/US air services agreement negotiated in 1977 which superseded
Bermuda 1 in order to redress the balance of air service advantage, which at
that time lay with the US, by limiting the number of airlines that could be
designated to operate on certain routes and the over-provision of capacity
by some US carriers.
Blind Sector: a sector within an agreed route on which traffic may not be carried. For
example, a service London - Hong Kong - Manila operating Hong Kong - Manila
as a blinded sector means that traffic could not be carried between Hong Kong
and Manila.
C
CAA - Civil Aviation Authority: the UK's aviation safety and economic regulator
(see http://www.caa.co.uk/ for further details of the CAA's responsibilities).
Cabotage: domestic services in one country operated by a carrier of another
country.
Capacity: the frequency of flights or number of seats which the designated
carriers of each side are permitted to operate. These arrangements are
usually set out in the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and can involve a
stated limit on capacity, an agreed step increase in capacity or another formula
for covering the need for future growth in capacity.
Capacity Dumping: the introduction of excess capacity at low fares into a market
by an airline with a view to increasing market share and possibly forcing other
carriers off the route.
Certificate of Airworthiness - see Art. 31 of the Chicago Convention.
Change of Gauge: an operation where an aircraft with greater or lesser seating
capacity is employed for one or more sectors of a multi sector route. For
example, one aircraft could be used for a flight between London and Singapore
and another, based in Singapore by the UK airline, could be operated to take
passengers on from Singapore to Brunei. Such a service would need the
agreement of both Singapore and Brunei even if Singapore/Brunei traffic was
not to be carried on it.
Chapter 2/3: refers to the noise standards specified in Volume I of Annex 16
to the Chicago Convention. Since 1 April 2002, Chapter 2 aircraft have
been banned from operating to EU Member States unless in possession of an exemption
granted by a Member State (the Civil Aviation Authority in the UK). Grounds
for exemptions are defined by Article 8 of the 92/14/EEC Directive - ie operations
of an exceptional nature or non-revenue flights, effectively humanitarian flights
or head of state flights.
Charter: a non-scheduled flight operated according to the national laws and
regulations of the country being served, as provided for in Article 5 of the
Chicago Convention. A flight on which all (or almost all) the capacity
which is occupied by passengers or cargo has been sold to one or more charters
for resale. Sometimes charter operators seek to sell some seat-only tickets
in order to fill the aircraft (some aviation partners are more liberal than
others; some will allow any type of charter, including seat-only, subject to
reciprocity; others control charter operations very tightly).
Chicago Convention (see also ICAO): Convention signed in December 1944 which
sets out the framework on which air services operate in order that "international
air transport services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity
and operated soundly and economically". Established the ICAO. The
key articles are:
Article 1 - sovereignty of air space
Article 5 - covering charter flights
Article 6 - covering scheduled flights
Article 7 - restriction on cabotage
Article 15 - non-discriminatory user charges
Article 24 and Annex 9 - customs
Article 29 - documents to be carried on aircraft
Article 31 - certificates of airworthiness
Article 33 - recognition of certificates.
The full text of the convention can be found at http://www.iasl.mcgill.ca/airlaw/public/chicago/chicago1944a.pdf
The Annexes to the Chicago Convention are documents covering technical issues
and are updated on a fairly regular basis. The Annexes are:
Annex 1 - Personnel licensing
Annex 2 - Rules of the Air
Annex 3 - Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation
Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 - Units of Measurement for Air and Ground Operations
Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft
Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9 - Facilitation (expediting entry and departure at airports)
Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services
Annex 12 - Search and Rescue
Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident Investigation
Annex 14 - Aerodromes
Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
Annex 17 - Security - Acts of Unlawful Interference
Annex 18 - The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
City Pairs: - the points of origin and destination of a flight.
COA - Certificate of Airworthiness.
Code Sharing: an increasingly common marketing device whereby an airline places
its designator code on a service operated by another airline. When selling
a service, the marketing carrier is required to tell passengers that the service
will be operated by another carrier.
Combi - combined passenger and cargo service: carrying fewer seats and taking
more cargo than passenger aircraft.
Contracting Party: signatory to an Air Services Agreement (ASA).
Contracting State: a state that has consented to be bound by a treaty whether
or not the treaty has entered into force.
Convention: term used for agreements to which a large number of countries are
parties.
Co-ordinated Airport: an airport where demand exceeds available slots and a
slot allocation procedure has to be used (in the United Kingdom: Heathrow,
Gatwick, Stansted and Manchester).
Co-ordination Committee: advises airport co-ordinator; includes representatives
of the airport, air traffic control, airlines using the airport, representative
airline organisations.
COR - Certificate of Registration of an aircraft.
CPIC: ratio between the percent of total capacity in a market that is operated
by an airline and the percent of total passengers in the market that is carried
by that carrier. A CPIC of 1.0 means that the percentage of passengers
carried equals the percentage of capacity operated on the route by that carrier. A
CPIC greater than 1 means that more passengers are carried than the percentage
of capacity operated and a CPIC of less than 1 means that fewer passengers
are carried than the percentage of capacity operated (i.e. the airline is relatively
unsuccessful in the market).
CRS - computer reservation system: a computerised system that displays information
on availability of seats and connecting services etc, and provides comprehensive
facilities for direct booking by travel agents. For the UK, CRS systems
fall under EC Directives.
Crew Licences - see Arts 29 and 32 of the Chicago Convention.
D
Damp lease: see lease.
Designation: nomination by a state of the airline or airlines to operate
particular route. The bilateral partner can be informed of the nomination by
letter, Diplomatic Note or inclusion of the details in an /Agreed Record. Multiple
designation arrangements permit an unlimited number of scheduled carriers to
operate. Dual designation allows only two carriers from each side to
operate and single designation permits only one carrier from each side to operate.
Desktender - ATC digital extender from ICC
Diplomatic Note: formal "letter" sent by FCO/Embassy on behalf of the Contracting
Party used, eg to notify designation of an airline (although this can usually
be done by a letter from the aeronautical authority unless the Air Services
Agreement (ASA) says otherwise) or formally requesting talks (again a letter
is usually sufficient).
DfT - Department for Transport (NB predecessors to DfT include Department of
Transport (DOT), Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR),
Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR))
Dry lease: see lease.
E
EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency: established by Council Regulation (EC)
No 1592/2002, which puts in place common rules on aviation safety and environmental
certification and creates an aviation safety agency: to draw-up common standards
to ensure the highest level of safety; to oversee their uniform application
across Europe, and to promote them at world level.
ECAC - European Civil Aviation Conference: an autonomous body set up in 1955
following a decision by the Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It
is an autonomous body which is neither a completely independent body nor a
body subordinate to International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and integrated
with it. Its objectives are to review generally the development of European
air transport in order to promote the co-ordination, the better utilisation
and the orderly development of air transport. Its principal interest
is the economic aspects of air transport and to advise and assist European
signatory states in the preparation of their national regulations. There
are similar regional conferences in Africa (AFCAC) and Latin America (LACAC).
EEA - European Economic Area: the EEA brings together the fifteen EU Member
States with three of the four members of the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA): Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. The EEA Agreement was signed
in 1992 (as the EU completed its single market) and entered into force in 1994. It
gives participating EFTA states full access to the European Community's single
market. This single market is covered by the EC's "acquis communitaire",
or legislation. See the FCO website for more information.
EFDM - Electronic Flight Data Management functional block or "paperless" environment
within ATRAK-Bypass/PC
ERG - Economic Regulation Group: part of the Civil Aviation Authority dealing
with economic analyses of rights exchanges, UK and foreign carrier tariffs
and route licences for, and financial competence of, UK-registered airlines.
Eurocontrol: provider of ATC for overflights of European countries. Civil
Aviation Authority collects fees on their behalf and acts to detain aircraft
where debts to Eurocontrol have built up.
Exchange of Letters: letters between the aeronautical authorities amending
an or equivalent document; they are not published and not legally binding
although breach of their terms by one side would permit withdrawal of reciprocal/exchanged
rights by the other side.
Exchange of Notes: letters between Contracting Parties used to amend an ; they
are published and legally binding of Treaty status.
F
FDP - Flight Data Processing
FIC - Flight Information Centre: a unit providing flight information services
and an alerting service for airlines in the event of an accident.
FIR - Flight Information Region: an airspace of defined dimensions within which
air traffic services are provided by the named centre/country.
FIS - Flight Information Service: a service provided to aircraft for the purpose
of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct
of flights.
Flight Plan: information provided to air traffic service units about the intended
flight of an aircraft.
Freedoms of the Air (these definitions relate to aircraft registered in state
A):
1st freedom - the right to flight over state B without commercial or technical
stops.
2nd freedom - the right to land in state B for technical purposes, e.g. refuelling.
3rd freedom - the right to set down traffic from state A in state B.
4th freedom - the right to pick up traffic in state B destined for state A.
5th freedom - the right to pick up traffic in state B destined for state C
or put down traffic in state B originating in state C.
6th freedom - a service taking passengers between states B and C which flies
via state A.
7th freedom - a service between state B and state C operated by airline of
state A - a "free-standing fifth freedom".
8th freedom - cabotage.
NOTES: 3rd and 4th freedoms are always granted together. 6th freedoms
are effectively two 3rd/4th freedom services linked together, each of which
are operated under the relevant bilateral agreement. These are not rights "granted" under
an but they are controlled under the tariff and primary justification
provisions of an ASA.
Free-standing fifth freedom: see freedoms of the air.
G
Gateway: a point of last departure from country A and first arrival
in country B of international scheduled services; eg on a London-Manchester-Boston
flight, the gateway airports would be Manchester and Boston.
Global Route Licence: a route licence permitting a combination of any points
worldwide, subject to bilateral rights or, through the scarce capacity procedures,
a variation of an airline's route licence. See the CAA's statement of policies
for further information.
Grandfather rights: an airline that has operated a service from an airport
at a particular airport slot in one year's timetable is said to have grandfather
rights to that slot in subsequent years. The rights are predominantly only
specific to a particular airline, rather than to a size of aircraft or destination.
H
Hub and spoke system: a hub is an airport on which traffic from a number of
peripheral points is concentrated, and which is in turn linked by direct flights
to peripheral (spoke) points. Such systems can involve linking a gateway
airport to a number of domestic points (common in the US) or can be used in
change of gauge operations. Compare with point-to-point.
Humanitarian flights: flights that take humanitarian aid or carry refugees
etc. They can be of two types: UN-organised or those organised by DfID (Department
for International Development). Under international conventions, UN flights
are simply cleared whatever the carrier or routeing. DfID-organised
flights continue to be subject to the normal permit procedures. Thus
the use of a fifth freedom carrier will require non-objections from UK carriers.
I
IASTA - International Air Services Transit Agreement December 1944: provides
for overflight of signatory states by airlines of other signatory states.
IATA - International Air Transport Agreement of December 1944: intended to
fulfil the same function regarding air services which is now discharged by
bilateral agreements. Only 12 states acceded to it and now the only importance
of this document is that it defines the first five freedoms of the air.
IATA - International Air Transport Association: the trade body to which most
scheduled international airlines belong. It has traditionally provided
a forum in which interline agreements and other commercial arrangements as
well as tariffs can be agreed. It has an increasing role in negotiating
improved airways and access to airports.
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organisation: a United Nations body formed
in December 1944 under the auspices of the Chicago Convention with the objectives
of developing the principles and techniques of international air navigation
and fostering the planning and development of international air transport so
as to: ensure safe and orderly growth of international aviation throughout
the world; encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful
purposes; encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation
facilities for civil aviation; meet the needs of peoples of the world for safe,
regular and efficient and economical air transport; prevent economic waste
caused by unreasonable competition; ensure the rights of states are respected;
avoid discrimination between states; and promote the safety of flight. Detailed
standards and recommendations are included in the Annexes to the Convention
eg Annex 6 on safety and Annex 9 on "facilitation" (customs, immigration,
security checks etc).
ICC - Ifield Computer Consultancy Limited
Inclusive tour: sale of transport and accommodation as a package.
Initialling: signifies provisional assent to the text of a treaty by delegates
following negotiation.
Interlining: changing, at an intermediate point on a journey, from one aircraft
to an aircraft of a different airline but without any sharing of the airline
codes. Compare code sharing.
International Air Service: an air service which passes through the air space
over the territory of more than one state. Definition from Article 96 of the
Chicago Convention.
J
JAA - Joint Aviation Authorities: an ECAC body concerned with safety standards. Many,
if not all, of its functions will, over time, be subsumed by EASA at least
for EU and EEA Member States.
L
Lease: an arrangement whereby an airline operates services on behalf of another
airline. Leases can involve provision by the lessor airline of an aircraft
(dry lease), aircraft and crew (wet lease) or aircraft and flight crew (damp
lease).
Licences of crews - see Arts 29 and 32 of the Chicago Convention.
Load factor: the percentage of seats available that are actually purchased
by passengers.
M
MOU - Memorandum of Understanding: a non-binding document agreed between two
countries accompanying the air services agreement and including the detailed
rights which cannot be contained in the Treaty because they are likely to be
updated fairly frequently eg capacity limits and fifth freedom rights.
N
Non revenue passenger: a passenger carried free-of-charge by an airline - usually,
a company employee. In their economic analyses, the CAA include an allowance
(a set percentage) for seats not sold to the public in assessing load factors.
Non-traffic stop: see stop for non-traffic purposes.
Non-scheduled service: see charter
NOTAM: Notice to Airmen: a notice containing information about the establishment,
condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard,
the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight
operations. It is issued in the UK by the Aeronautical Information Service
(AIS). A NOTAM Class 1 is distributed by means of telecommunications;
a NOTAM Class 2 is distributed by slower and cheaper means.
O
Operating Licence: granted by the Civil Aviation Authority, the operating licence
attests to the competence of an airline to operate air services. The criteria
for granting a licence, covered by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2407/92 on Licensing
of Air Carriers, relate principally to the place and nature of business; nationality
of ownership and control; adequacy of financial resources; the holding of an
Air Operator's Certificate; fitness; and passenger and third party insurance.
Operating permit: a permit issued allowing a carrier to operate a service to
the UK under Article 113 of the ANO. Permits are required for scheduled
and non-scheduled passenger, cargo and combi services where these services
are operated for reward. Empty flights to position aircraft or for aircraft
maintenance and flights operated on a non-commercial basis (eg a corporate-owned
aircraft flying company members) do not require permits. UK airlines
similarly need to seek permits from the aviation authorities of the country
to which they wish to operate.
Overflight right: see freedoms of the air for definition, an overflight right
is available for scheduled services under IASTA and Article 3 of the model Air
Services Agreement ; for charter services the right is granted under Article
5 of the Chicago Convention.
P
Permit: see operating permit.
Point to Point: a system whereby an airline's route network is composed of
a number of city pairs, not necessarily linked by hub airports. This system
is favoured by low cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines (in the US), easyJet
and Ryanair (in Europe). Compare with hub and spoke.
Pooling Agreement: an agreement between two airlines operating the same route
to develop their traffic as profitably as possible. All revenue gained by the
airlines on the routes covered by the agreement is put into a common pool and
shared out between the airlines in accordance with the terms of the agreement. This
is old-fashioned and can be anti-competitive; the UK seeks to negotiate away
such arrangements wherever possible.
Predatory fare: a below-cost fare set by an airline with the intention of forcing
competitors out of the market.
Primary justification: that a service should be justified on the basis of the
carriage of third/fourth freedom passengers/cargo rather than fifth or sixth
freedom carriage.
Pro-rate Agreement: an agreement between two airlines on the fare that an airline
should receive for carrying an interline passenger on one stage of the total
journey - usually less, and sometimes much less, than the normal fare for that
sector.
Programme charter: a series of charters for which a single application is being
made by the operator.
Protocol: an agreement amending or supplementing an existing convention or
agreement: usually a legally binding document.
PSO - Public Service Obligation: any obligation imposed on an air carrier to
take, in respect of any route which it is licensed to operate by a Member State,
all necessary measures to ensure the provision of a service satisfying fixed
standards of continuity, regularity, capacity and pricing, which standards
the air carrier would not assume if it were solely considering its commercial
interest. As defined in Article 2 of EC Regulation 2408/92.
R
Ramp inspection: an inspection of a foreign-registered aircraft landing in
the UK under the Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) programme on
behalf of DfT.
Ratification: confirmation of signature and signifies the intention to be bound
by the provisions of a treaty.
Route: the permitted points to or through which a carrier may fly under the
bilateral arrangements with third/fourth freedom traffic rights. It is
usually contained in the route schedule/annex to an ASA but amendments to the
route may be set out in subsequent exchanges of notes.
Route licence: a licence issued by the CAA permitting a UK airline to operate
a particular route. The CAA takes into account the financial and operational
ability of the airline to operate the route, the available capacity on the
route (asking DfT if further capacity is likely to be obtainable if the existing
arrangements are insufficient to accommodate the new carrier on the route). DfT
usually waits until such a licence has been granted before designating a carrier
on a particular route. Only airlines with a UK operating licence can
obtain a UK route licence. See the CAA's statement of policies for further
information. See also global route licence.
Route Schedule: an annex to an Air Services Agreement setting out the routes
that the designated airlines may use. An open route schedule allows a
carrier to operate via or to any point without restriction. The route
schedule usually contains a footnote requiring any fifth freedom rights to
be the subject of negotiation between the bilateral partners. In some
cases this footnote is omitted with the effect that open (ie unlimited) fifth
freedom rights are permitted on the points on the routes set out in the route
schedule.
RPK - Revenue Passenger Kilometre: the number of paying passengers carried
multiplied by the distance they flew in kilometres.
RTK - Revenue Tonne Kilometre: the tonnage carried multiplied by the distance
it is carried.
S
SAFA - Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft programme: see ramp inspection.
Scarce capacity: where bilateral restrictions prevent UK airlines from operating
all of the services they plan to provide, the CAA will allocate scarce capacity
between competing UK airlines. See the CAA's statement of policies for
further information: http://www.caa.co.uk/cpg/airline_licensing/airline_regs/default.asp?page=750
Scheduled service: an air service operated on a regular basis by a carrier
in accordance with a published timetable or with flights so regular or frequent
that they constitute a recognisably systemic series. It requires bilateral
agreement to operate by virtue of Article 6 of the Chicago Convention.
Seat factor: see load factor.
Seat only operations: services where tickets only cover the cost of travel
and not hotel, transfers etc.
Sector: a journey between two points/cities. A flight may be made up
of a series of sectors - for example, London-Kolkata-Dhaka consists of two
sectors: London-Kolkata and Kolkata-Dhaka.
Slot: a particular time allocated to an airline to land or take-off from a
particular airport. The allocation of slots at co-ordinated airports
in the European Union is governed by EC Regulation 95/93 which aims to provide
for neutral, transparent and non-discriminatory slot allocation at the more
congested Community airports through a co-ordinator independent of Government,
airlines and airports. In the United Kingdom the slot co-ordinator is
Airport Co-ordination Limited (ACL).
SRG - Safety Regulation Group: part of the Civil Aviation Authority dealing
with safety issues relating to UK (licensing of airlines and pilots etc) and
foreign airlines (advising on complaints relating to safety and carrying out
ramp checks of aircraft and audits of airlines/ aviation authorities).
Stop for non-traffic purposes: see Art 96 of the Chicago Convention. See
also freedoms of the air for definition. Available for scheduled services under
IASTA and Article 3 of the model Air Services Agreement (ASA); for charter
services the right is granted under Article 5 of the Chicago Convention.
Stopover: the ability on a multi-sector route for passengers to remain for
a few days at an intermediate point and then be carried on to their ultimate
destination - usually negotiated as a separate right since it is difficult
in practice to distinguish such passengers from fifth freedom passengers.
STGA - subject to government approval: airlines are permitted to sell particular
services whilst approval from the relevant aeronautical authorities is awaited. Such
services should appear in timetables and on the computer reservation system
with this descriptor.
T
Tariff: the price charged for the public transport of passengers, baggage and
cargo (excluding mail) on scheduled air services, including the conditions
governing the availability or application of such price and the charges and
conditions for services ancillary to such transport.
Technical stop: see stop for non-traffic purposes.
Terminal Passenger: statistic covering a passenger starting or finishing a
journey at a particular airport.
Third Package: third EC package of measures to liberalise aviation.
TOP - temporary operating permit.
Transit Passenger: - a passenger passing through an airport for the express
purpose of connecting with another flight.
Treaty: an agreement concluded in written form between two or more states (or
entities such as international organisations having international personality)
and governed by international law. A treaty, which may take the form
of a convention, an agreement or a protocol, usually consists of a title, a
preamble, recitals, a series of numbered articles and a conclusion followed
immediately by the signatures.
U
Uplift ratio: applied by some authorities to regulate the number of charter
flights operated by foreign airlines so that they can only uplift a certain
number of passengers on flights originating in their country in proportion
to the number originating in the airline's own country.
V
VIP flight: a sole-use flight for Heads of State, Ministers etc - treated as
a non-commercial flight for which no operating permit is needed.
W
Wet lease: see lease.
Y
Yield: the difference between the cost of operation and price charged for carriage.
|
ISO
9001 registered | Accredited by the Civil
Aviation Authority